????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ??: ? 1950 ?? ????? ?? ??.?. ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? - ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? pioneer ???? ????? - ???? ???? ????? (????? ?????? - ?????). ? 1958 ????? "???? ?? ????? ????"????, ???? ?????? ???? (? a ??? ???? ??) ????? ????? ?????? (????? ?????? - ?????) (????? ?????? - ?????). ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? (???) ??? ???? (????? ?????? - ?????) (????? ?????? - ?????). ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? (????? ?????? - ?????) (????? ?????? - ?????).
???, ???? ?? ????? (DID) ?????
????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????:
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??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????. (??? ??? ??? ?? "???" ??? ???? ??? "???" ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????.) ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? 1.0 ± 0.25 ???? ???? target ?? ?? (????? ?????? - ?????).
-
???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? (???? ??? ?? ??????? ????). ?? ???? ???? ????? - ?????? ?? 4.0 ± 0.8 ???? ???? (????? ?????? - ?????).
-
????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? (?.?.?. ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??) ????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??, ?????? 6.4 ± 1.5 ???? ???? (????? ?????? - ?????).
(???? ???? ????? "?????" ??? 1.4 ???? ???? (????? ?????? - ?????), ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? DID ????? ?? ?????.) ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? target ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? (????? ?????? - ?????). ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 1, 3 ?? 6 ???? ???? ?????? 50% ??? (????? ???? ???).
(?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? - 17,246+ ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? - Pixbay) ???: ??? ?? - ?????? ???? ???? target ??. ? ??? ???Target ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? (?????? ??); ??? ???? (??? ????) ??? ???, ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? (????? ?????? - ?????) (????? ???? ???).
????? ?????? (??? ???? ?????)
????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? 50% ???? ??? ???????? (????? ?????? - ?????):
-
??? (???? ????) ~ 1.0 ???? ??? target ?? ?? (50% ???) (????? ?????? - ?????).
-
???? ???? (????? ???) ~ 4.0 ???? ??? target ?? ?? (????? ?????? - ?????).
-
????? (?? ???) ~ 6.4 ???? ???? target ?? ?? (????? ?????? - ?????).
???? ???? ???? target ?? ????? ????? - ???? ???? ?? ?? ???. (?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???, ???? e.g. 1.0 ???? ??? ≈ 2 ????? ? target ??? ??? ??? (????? ?????? - ?????)).) ?? ????? ??? ?? "DIS" ???? 1 - 3 - 6 ???? (CORES ????) - ???? - ????, ????, ???? ???? (????? ???? ???). ????, ??? ??? ???? ?????, ?????, 3 ?????? ?? ??? ??? (????? ???? ???). (U.S. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????, ??? ???, ?????, ?????, ?????, ?????, ?????, ?????, ?????, ?????, ?????, ?????, ??? ???, ?????, ??? ???, ?????, ??? ???, ?????, ??? ???, ?????, ??? ???, ?????, ??? ???, ?????, ??? ???, ?????, ??? ???, ?????, ??? ???,????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???)
????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??-????? N target ??? ?? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? (???? ?? ????? - ? 50% ???? ????? ???). ???, ???? ?? ??? "???? ?? ??" ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??.
???? ???? (??? ?? ???)
? ??? ???? ??? ??? Target ??? ???????? ??? ? target ??? ???, ???, ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??. ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? (????? - ???? ?????), ??? ???? (??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????):
?? n target ??? ?? ??? ????? ???, h_o ? target ??? ???? ??? (M), f ??? ????? ???? (??? ???? ?? ????? ????), p ????? ?? ?? (????? ????? ???? ??? ???), ?? R ?? target ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????-?? ?? target ?? (??? ??? ?? ????? ????) ??? n, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? n (??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????). ??? N ???? ????? ??? (????? ?????) ????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ???
????, target ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? N (??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????). ??????? ?????? ???? ??? (i.e.. ???? ??? ???) ??? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? - ?? ?? / ?? / ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.
???? ?????? ?????? ??????
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????
-
Target ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? (???? ??? ?? ??) targets ???? ???????? ????, ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? target ?? (E.G. ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ? ~2 ??? ??????? ???? ??. ??? ??? ???? - ???? targets ???? ???? ????? ????? (??? ??? ????).
-
???? ??? ?? ????? ????????, ??? ????? (????? p) ?? ???? ????? ???? f ??? ????. ????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? (MTF) ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ????, ???? ????? (???? MTF) ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? (??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????).
-
???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ????, ???, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? (F_T = exp (- r / l_r)) ????? ?????? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???). ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???). ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???) (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???).
-
??????? ?????: - ?? ?? - ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ???????? ????? ??? "????? ???" ? "????" ?????? ????? ???? ? 0.5 ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ? "???? ???" ??? ? 50% ???? ?????? ???? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???). ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????.
-
???? - ??? ?? (SNR) ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? (???) ?? ??? ????? ??? ????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? emphasize ? ????-???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???).
??? ??, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??. ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????, target ??? ????, ???? ???, ??? (?? ???? "(?? ???? ?? ???? ???) ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ???
??? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? target ?? ???? ????? ????. ????-
-
????? ??? 2 ??? ??? ??? ?? (h_o = 2M) ? MORRALAL ??? ?????? f = 50 ?? ?? ???? p = 20μm (0.02 ??). ????? 1 - ??? ??? ?????,
???? (≈3 ????) (≈3 ????) ?? ????? (≈6 ????), ???? ≈833M ?? ≈437 ?.?.
-
????? ??? ?????? DRS ?????? ????? ???? target ?? ???? (??? ??? ~ 0.95m) ?? ? 17 000 ???? ?? 16.75 ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????. ? 3 - ??? ????? ?? ??, ? 157 ???? ??? ???? ? 50% ??????? ??? ??????. (????? ???? (???) ??? ? $ r \ 0.95 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
-
????? ???? ??? ??? (?? ????, ??? ???), ????? ???? - ????? ???? - ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????. ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ~ ? 2000 ?.?.????? ???? ???).
???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???.
???????
????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??: -
-
????? ?? ?????: ????? ???? ????? - ???? ?????, ???? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? D / r.docesse (????? ?????? - ?????). ???? ????? ???? ?? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 1 - 3 - 6 ??? - - ??? ?????? - ??????? ????? ?????.
-
??? ?? ??? / ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ? 1 ?.? ???? ?? ?? ????? ? 400 ???. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????.
-
???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. (????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?.?.
??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (???, ?????, ????? ???) ?? ??? ?????? ???? (?????? ??? ????? ???).
???? ?? ???? ????????
????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??. ???? ????
-
??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??, ???? target ??? ????, ?? ?? - ??????? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? target ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???).
-
????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? show ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???) (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???). ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????.
-
??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????, ?????, ????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???.????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???).
-
???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? (???? ?? ?????) ?? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ??? (???), ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????.
-
????? ????: - ?????? ? ~ 50% ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????.
????? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ????, ??.?.?. ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? (075 ????? ??????? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???). ?? ???? ?????? ??? MTF, SNR ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??-????? ????? ????? (??? J - ???/T - ?????? ???? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???))) ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???-??? (?.?.?.) ???????? ???? ???-??? ???? (???? ???? ???? ???? ?????). ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???-??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????
?????????? ?????? ?????. "Target ??? ????" ??????, ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? (????? ?????? - ?????) (??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????). ??? ?? ?????? - ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? (????? ?????? - ?????) (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???).
????: - ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? (????? ?????? - ?????) ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? (????? ?????? - ?????) (????? ???? ???). ???? ??? ???? ???? - ??? ??? ?????? ???? (??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????). ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? - ???? (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???) (????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???). ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? (????? ???? ???).